Why Overlooking Constant Spotting & Pelvic Pain Is Harmful In Longer Run

Cervical cancer, characterised by uncontrolled cell growth, predominantly affects individuals with a cervix. Despite its preventability through vaccination and treatability with early detection, cervical cancer remains a significant challenge, particularly in developing nations. This article delves into the indications of cervical cancer, the role of the HPV vaccine, and the impediments to effective prevention. Those possessing a cervix are vulnerable to cervical cancer, with a higher incidence noted in individuals aged 30 and above.

The primary cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with specific strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through sexual activity, affecting at least half of sexually active individuals during their lives. However, only a small percentage will develop cervical cancer as a result.

Indicators such as constant bleeding, spotting between periods, or after menopause may signal abnormal cell growth in the cervix. Additionally, heavier and prolonged menstrual bleeding could be indicative of cervical cancer, while watery, foul-smelling vaginal discharge may suggest an advanced stage. Pelvic pain or discomfort during intercourse may arise as the cancer progresses and impacts nearby tissues. Despite being manageable and preventable, cervical cancer rates are on the rise due to various factors.

Challenges contributing to rising cervical cancer rates include:

1. Lack of awareness, especially in underprivileged communities, regarding cervical cancer, its symptoms, and the importance of screening.

2. Incomplete vaccination, as not everyone has access to or completes the recommended HPV vaccine doses.

3. Inadequate screening, where some women lack access to or avoid Pap tests and HPV tests due to cost, fear, or lack of follow-up.

4. Challenges in accessing affordable and quality treatment for cervical cancer, stemming from financial burdens and unequal distribution of specialized healthcare services.

5. Increased risk associated with early marriage and multiple pregnancies, particularly prevalent in certain parts of India.

Other signs to be vigilant for in cervical cancer include pain during urination or blood in urine, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, swelling in legs, back or leg pain, and difficulties controlling urine or bowel movements in advanced stages.

For cervical cancer screening, consider the following factors:

1. Routine Pap tests are recommended, beginning at age 21, and should be repeated every few years. The screening frequency may vary based on individual risk factors, with healthcare providers potentially suggesting more frequent screenings for those at higher risk.

2. Combining HPV testing with Pap tests can enhance result accuracy.

3. Regular screenings offer the opportunity to detect precancerous conditions early, facilitating monitoring or treatment to prevent cervical cancer development.

The vaccination schedule involves three doses administered at specific intervals. These intervals necessitate a minimum of 4 weeks between the first and second dose, 12 weeks between the second and third dose, and 24 weeks between the first and third dose.

Authored by Dr Manish Machave, a Consulting Obstetrician, Gynaecologist, and Gynaecological Endoscopic Surgeon at Ruby Hall Clinic in Pune